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Rainfall shocks, for instance, have a direct impact on farm households, which largely rely on rain-fed agriculture. In times of changing climate and increasing weather volatility rural households in many parts of the global south face a significant threat to their livelihood (e.g., Pandey, Bhandari, and Hardy 2007 Skoufias, Rabassa, and Olivieri 2011). One implication is that safety nets targeted at farms may need to consider non-farm enterprises too. Despite limited market integration in poor rural economies, the spillovers are sizable and are transmitted through various channels. Overall, our analysis suggests that the costs of agricultural shocks are higher than what much of the literature has suggested so far. We also find suggestive evidence that rainfall shocks lead to increased input costs for non-farm enterprises in the food processing industry, to higher input costs for farms, to higher sales revenues for agriculture-related non-farm enterprises and to lower expenditures for farm households on food and other consumption items. We do not find such a response for deficit rainfall shocks, which we explain by the increased demand for agricultural labor needed to cope with rainfall shortages. We find that households increase their labor participation in non-farm self-employment in response to excessive rainfall shocks.

We not only consider the effects on labor supply to non-farm enterprises but also focus on the performance of non-farm enterprises. Merging household panel data with grid-level precipitation data, we study the indirect effects of rainfall shocks on non-farm enterprises in rural Thailand. Although it is documented how rainfall shocks affect agricultural activities, there is not much evidence on the indirect effects on the rest of the rural economy.

Increasing weather volatility manifesting itself through extreme rainfall and drought poses a significant threat to the livelihood of rural households in poor countries. WOA Institution: Universität Passau Blended DEAL: ProjektDEAL. Open Access funding enabled and organized by ProjektDEAL. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. We also thank the editor, Travis Lybbert, and three anonymous referees for their very helpful suggestions and valuable advice. We are also grateful for comments received at the TVSEP data use workshop at the Leibniz Universität Hannover and at the International Conference on Globalization and Development in Göttingen. We thank Hermann Waibel, Rattiya Lippe, and Priyanka Parvathi for granting access to the TVSEP data as well as their help in merging the datasets. Michael Grimm is professor of Development Economics at the University of Passau, a research fellow at the RWI–Leibniz Institute for Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, and a research fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany. Since going down in December, a variety of cryptic images have graced the homepage of Pirate Bay.Katharina Grabrucker is a research associate at the Chair of Development Economics at the University of Passau, Germany. A high collar helps keep the rain out and the cut is just generous enough to accommodate layers beneath. One featured a waving Pirate Flag, but the most recent image depicted a phoenix and a countdown clock set to end on Feb. the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane 9.Īnd its packable enough to easily stash in a jersey. 1, alongside several other hints that the site planned to reappear that day. The saturated acyl chains of the sphingolipids allow these to pack more readily against cholesterol, which.

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